Parosha Chandran

What they say:

Chambers and Partners Law Directory 2012:

“Parosha Chandran is renowned for her specialist practice involving victims of human trafficking, "an area she knows inside-out." She recently handled the first human trafficking-related protection claim to be lodged in Strasbourg against the UK, as well as a country guidance case concerning trafficked women from Nigeria. Sources give weight to her client-handling skills, saying: "She can adapt her style to put children and vulnerable claimants at ease without losing the meaning of the message she is trying to get across." "Incredibly passionate about her work, she always maintains her composure and never loses her professional edge."”

The Law Society Excellence Awards 2008:

“…a remarkable talent”

Introduction:

Parosha Chandran is an award-winning human rights barrister at 1 Pump Court Chambers in London whose work has led to several advances in the law governing victims of human trafficking. With 15 years’ of experience at the Bar, she acts for both adult and child victims of trafficking in the UK and is a recognised, leading specialist in the areas of forced labour law and human trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation. Her precedent-setting trafficking cases include the non-punishment related criminal appeal in R v O [2008] EWCA Crim 2835, the refugee-recognition trafficking appeal in SB (PSG, Protection Regulations, Reg 6) Moldova CG [2008] UKAIT 00002 and M. v UK, 16081/08 [2009] ECHR 1229, the first successful human trafficking-related protection claim against the UK to be taken to the European Court of Human Rights. Between 2008-9 she acted in Patience’s case, the first successful Article 4 ECHR claim for damages that was brought against the Metropolitan Police for its failure to adequately investigate human trafficking and labour exploitation offences. The outcome of this case exposed a protection gap in UK law and it was championed by Liberty and Anti-Slavery International in their lobbying of the Government to support Baroness Young of Hornsey’s amendment in the House of Lords to introduce a free-standing slavery and forced labour offence. The resulting Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 entered into force in the UK in April 2010.  Last year Parosha acted in the successful gang-related trafficking protection appeal of PO (Nigeria) [2011] EWCA Civ 132, on appeal from the Tribunal in PO (Trafficked Women) Nigeria CG [2009] UKAIT 00046. She recently appeared in R v N and Le [2012] EWCA Crim 189, the first judgment of the Court of Criminal Appeal to consider child labour exploitation within the context of human trafficking.  She lectures, provides training and writes on her subject areas and works closely with a number of key organisations to promote and protect the rights of victims of trafficking and forced labour in all its forms, including Anti-Slavery International, the POPPY Project, the AIRE Centre, ECPAT (UK), Kalayaan and the Helen Bamber Foundation.

In 2008 she was awarded the ‘Barrister of the Year’ award (The Law Society's Excellence Awards) for her commitment and achievements in her anti-trafficking work and the following year she was named ‘Pro Bono/Human Rights Lawyer of the Year’ by the Society of Asian Lawyers. That same year she was also selected as a Woman of Achievement (Woman of the Year Awards 2009).

Parosha is the co-founder of the Trafficking Law and Policy Forum, an educational think-tank which meets quarterly in London with specialists to discuss emerging developments in domestic and international human trafficking law and policy. She is recognised as a leading junior in her fields at the Bar both by the Chambers and Partners Law Directory and by the Legal 500 and she is a member of ‘The Times’ Law Panel’, a list of the 100 most influential lawyers in the UK. In 1999 she published her first book, “A Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998” (Butterworths).

She is the General Editor of, and a specialist contributor to, ‘The Human Trafficking Handbook: recognising trafficking and modern-day slavery in the UK’, a ground-breaking text on human trafficking in the UK which compiles for the very first time the perspectives of leading experts and organisations on recognising slavery in the 21st century (LexisNexis, October 2011). In its Foreword the Human Trafficking Handbook is described by Sir Nicolas Bratza, President of the European Court of Human Rights, as being an “excellent Handbook  [that] will not only contribute to a better understanding of the challenges presented by human trafficking but it will become an indispensable resource for all concerned with combating this pernicious trade”.

Parosha Chandran’s Awards:

> ‘Barrister of the Year’, the Law Society Excellence Awards 2008

“Parosha Chandran has acted in precedent-setting human trafficking and immigration cases, and works with a number of NGOs providing support to victims of sex trafficking, forced labour and torture – in addition to giving lectures and providing training. In what is an under-supported area of law, the judges felt the glowing testimonials in her entry summed up her outstanding commitment and what a remarkable talent she is.” (24th October 2008)

> ‘Human Rights Lawyer of the Year’, Society of Asian Lawyers Annual Awards 2009

Recent Publications: The Human Trafficking Handbook

‘Human Trafficking Handbook : Recognising Trafficking and Modern-day Slavery in the UK’, Chandran, P. ed. (LexisNexis, October 2011). http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/store/uk/Human-Trafficking-Handbook/product

The Human Trafficking Handbook is a compilation of original essays by leading trafficking experts on the law, policy and practice relating to the rights and needs of trafficked men, women and children in the UK. In his Foreword to the Handbook Sir Nicolas Bratza, President of the European Court of Human Rights, writes: “This excellent Handbook will not only contribute to a better understanding of the challenges presented by Human Trafficking but it will become an indispensable resource for all concerned with combatting this pernicious trade” .

Contributing organisations: AIRE Centre, Anti-Slavery International, the Crown Prosecution Service, ECPAT UK, the Helen Bamber Foundation, Hoganlovells, Kalayaan, Law Centre (Northern Ireland), the Metropolitan Police, North Kensington Law Centre, the Poppy Project.

Individual specialist contributors: Christine Beddoe, Pam Bowen, CI Colin Carswell, Peter Carter QC, Parosha Chandran, Saadiya Chaudhary, Jamila Duncan-Bosu, Harriet Dykes, Kayte Fairfax, Nadine Finch, Supt (Retd) Bernie Gravett, Lois Hamilton, Silva Hove, Andrew Howard, Giles Hutt, Philip Ishola, Kalvir Kaur, Dr Michael Korzinski, Jawaid Luqmani, DCS Richard Martin, Sally Montier, Jenny Moss, Piya D. Muqit, Kate Roberts, Catherine Robinson, Klara Skrivankova, DCI Nick Sumner, Adam Weiss, DC Sarah Wood.

What they say:

Law Directories

Chambers and Partners Law Directory 2012: see above

The Legal 500, 2012:

“Parosha Chandran has specialist knowledge in human trafficking cases”

Previous Editions:

Chambers and Partners Directory, 2011

Civil Liberties and Human Rights: “Parosha Chandran of 1 Pump Court has an excellent reputation for immigration work, and is regularly instructed by vulnerable clients in trafficking cases. She is "imaginative and fearless in her approach to cases," say solicitors, who also report that she is "dedicated to her work and extremely good with clients”.”

Immigration: Parosha Chandran is commended for her expertise in trafficking cases and is said to be "extremely dedicated and excellent with vulnerable clients."

Chambers and Partners Directory, 2010:

Civil Liberties: "Parosha Chandran of 1 Pump Court is a recognised specialist on issues relating to trafficking, and is renowned for her intellectual expertise and client sensitive approach."

Immigration: "Parosha Chandran is lauded for her “imaginative and fearless approach to cases.” Her practice focuses on human rights and human trafficking work, with sources praising her expertise in the latter type especially."

Chambers and Partners Directory, 2009 Edition:

Civil Liberties: “Clients observe that she is "not only an excellent lawyer, but also
approachable, helpful and able to put vulnerable clients at ease."”

Immigration: "One source explained: "She inspires confidence - you know you can rely on her to deliver.""

The Legal 500, 2009 Edition: The ‘dedicated’ Parosha Chandran is ‘very imaginative and fearless in her approach to cases’.

The Times Law Panel (a list of the so-considered 100 most influential lawyers in the UK)

> "Parosha Chandran is a barrister specialising in immigration and human rights whose work has led to several advances in the law governing the rights of victims of human trafficking".

Summary

Parosha is an experienced leading junior at the Bar in the fields of human rights, human trafficking, labour exploitation, immigration and public law. She is the leading anti-slavery lawyer in the UK and has been practicing at the Bar of England and Wales for 15 years. She has acted in successful cases in a variety of human rights-related areas throughout her practice, from immigration and asylum (including adult & children’s cases, HIV appeals, deportation and EU law) to trafficking-related criminal appeals, from civil actions against the police and prison law to employment-related race discrimination and medical cases. She has appeared in the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal, the Employment Tribunals, the High Court, the Court of Appeal (both Civil and Criminal divisions) and the Privy Council and has drafted several successful applications to the ECtHR. Parosha has extensive experience in representing the rights of trafficked children and adults in the UK who have been victims of trafficking for domestic servitude, forced labour or sexual exploitation. She has vast experience in bringing test cases in these areas and many of her cases have impacted upon the development of law and policy in the UK. Parosha is trained in direct access. She is also a member of the Prison Law team in chambers.

Educational background

Qualifications: LLB (Hons.) (University of London); teacher-training course & certificate in
Human Rights (CIEDHU), International Centre for the Teaching of Human Rights in
Universities, Strasbourg; LLM (University of London, UCL); Bar Vocational Course (Inns of Court School of Law). Called to the Bar in 1997.

Internships & human rights work: Volunteer, British Institute of Human Rights (1993-5), Intern, AIRE Centre (1995-6), Intern, European Commission for Human Rights, Strasbourg (1996), UNHCR London (1997); Research Consultant in Human Rights, King’s College London (1997); an Independent Legal Advisor to the Lord Chancellor’s Department on the
Human Rights Bill (1997); United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the Former
Yugoslavia, Office of the Prosecutor, The Hague (1999).

Publications & Interviews

Parosha has been consulted on numerous human trafficking-related publications. She was a specialist adviser and contributor to the IAS Anti-Trafficking Toolkit (2007).

The Rights of Children Trafficked into the UK, published in the newsletter of the Children’s Commissioner for England, February 2011 http://www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/content/latest_news/content_78

Sole author of A Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998 (Butterworths, 1999);

General Editor of & Contributor to: Human Trafficking Handbook: Recognising Trafficking and Modern-Day Slavery in the UK, Chandran, P. ed. (LexisNexis, October 2011)

http://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/store/uk/Human-Trafficking-Handbook/product

E-learning: Introduction to Human Trafficking (The Open University), November 2010. See http://www.open.edu/openlearn/society/politics-policy-people/politics/human-trafficking-introduction

Scholarships, Awards & Nominations

International Diploma in International and Comparative Human Rights and Humanitarian Law (International Institute of Human Rights, Strasbourg, 1994 – 3 competitive exams, youngest award-holder); Hardwicke Scholarship (Lincoln’s Inn, 1995); Stage Scholarship (Lincoln’s Inn, 1996); Pegasus Scholarship (Joint Inns of Court, 1999); Barrister of the Year 2008 (The Law Society Excellence Awards, October 2008); Pro Bono/Human Rights Lawyer of the Year 2009 (Society for Asian Lawyers); selected as a Woman of Achievement (Woman of the Year Awards 2009).

Appointments and Memberships

Member of the Advisory Board of the British Institute of Human Rights (previous posts were as Vice Chair (2008-2010), Trustee (2000-2010), Governor (1998-2000) Volunteer (1993-5); Co-founder of the Trafficking Law and Policy Forum (2007-); member of The Times Law Panel (2009-); member of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office’s Pro Bono Lawyers Panel (2003-); member of Lincoln’s Inn Euro Committee (2005-); member of the legal team of the Kurdish Human Rights Project (2002-); member of Justice.

Precedent-Setting Cases

• R v O [2008] EWCA Crim 2835 – This was an out of time appeal against conviction and sentence. In this judgment the non-punishment principle for victims of trafficking was established under UK law whereby the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) overturned the criminal conviction and sentence of a young, trafficked Nigerian girl who had been convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for using an identity card belonging to another whilst trying to flee her trafficker in the UK and escape to France. The judgment provided vital new guidance on the use of criminal prosecutions against child and adult victims of trafficking for immigration offences committed in the UK. It is the first time that the combined issues of human trafficking, the operation of the UK’s criminal law and the recognition of trafficked victims’ rights had been given detailed scrutiny by the UK courts. Parosha was led by Peter Carter QC. Instructed by Fisher Meredith LLP. See http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2008/2835.html
  
• M v UK (Application no. 16081/08) – a successful application to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) by a victim of trafficking in the UK complaining of violations of Articles 3,4 & 8 ECHR. This was the first human trafficking-related complaint against the UK to be brought to the ECtHR. This was a challenge the UK’s decision-making in refusing (asylum and human rights) protection to a young orphan girl who was trafficked, as a minor, firstly within Uganda for the purposes of sexual exploitation and then into the UK for the same purpose. Once M’s full application was lodged in Strasbourg the ECtHR, exceptionally, ordered a stay on M’s removal from the UK in the absence of removal directions and, again exceptionally, granted five national and international NGOs leave to intervene in the case. The ECtHR made a decision to communicate the complaint to the UK Government in June 2008. The Government settled the case, with costs, by granting M leave to remain in the UK. Consequently a striking out decision by the Court was made. Parosha was sole counsel, jointly instructed in the case by Fisher Meredith LLP (Catherine Robinson) and the AIRE Centre (Adam Weiss). For the ECtHR’s decision to communicate, see: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2008/522.rtf For the ECtHR’s striking out decision, see: http://www.bailii.org/eu/cases/ECHR/2010/1229.html
  
• SB (PSG-Protections Regulations-Article 6) Moldova CG [2008] UKAIT 00002 This case has Country Guidance status and it is therefore binding on the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal (AIT) in matters relating to human trafficking in Moldova. In its decision the AIT established that ‘former victims of trafficking’ are capable of forming a particular social group (PSG) under the Refugee Convention 1951 and recognised the right to refugee status for SB, a victim of trafficking from Moldova. It set an important precedent in the UK and has impacted upon Home Office policy. In accepting novel arguments the AIT overturned para 95 of MP (Trafficking, Sufficiency of Protection) Romania [2005] UKIAT 00086 and para 18 of JO (internal relocation – no risk of retrafficking) Nigeria [2004] UKIAT 0025, in which previous Tribunals had found that this social group was incapable of forming a PSG. These findings had created in the Home Office in practical terms a blanket ban on successful trafficking-based refugee claims by victims of trafficking.  Factually, SB was a young woman who had been trafficked for sexual exploitation to the UK. She escaped, gave evidence against her trafficker (her trafficker was convicted and sentenced to 7 years imprisonment) and yet the Home Office continued to refuse SB international protection in the UK. The Secretary of State for the Home Department (SSHD) eventually granted SB Humanitarian Protection but refused to recognise her as a refugee by reason inter alia that ‘former victims of trafficking’ could not constitute a particular social group under the Refugee Convention. Instructed by Hammersmith Law Centre. See: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKIAT/2008/00002.rtf

Note: for more detail on the SB Moldova case see the case summary in the Human Trafficking Handbook, Chapter 14, pages 261-264, para 14.16, ‘Particular Social Group.

• PA v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis (‘Patience’s case’, Unreported, 2009): This was a precedent-setting forced labour case which involved the first judicial review of a failure by the Metropolitan Police to comply with its positive duties under Article 4 ECHR to investigate and prosecute a human trafficker in the UK for criminal offences including labour exploitation offences (this was of course, pre-Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia). After the JR application was lodged in the High Court the Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police settled the case by accepting the police had acted in breach of the investigative duty imposed on them under Article 4 ECHR. The Police re-opened the case and investigated the trafficker/forced labour offender. Parosha was instructed by the human rights organisation Liberty.

Case Note: Patience’s Case and its outcome were championed by Liberty and Anti-Slavery International in their lobbying of the Government in 2009 to highlight the essential need for the introduction of a free-standing criminal offence of holding someone in slavery or servitude or requiring them to perform forced or compulsory labour, as until that time slavery and forced labour were not expressly prohibited under UK criminal legislation [unless it engaged human trafficking that had been conducted after December 2004 by virtue of Section 4 of the Immigration and Asylum (Treatment of Claimants etc.) Act 2004]. Following the tabling of an amendment to a criminal justice bill, the Coroners and Justice Bill which was then before the Lords, by Baroness Young of Hornsey, and the detailed Parliamentary discussions which followed, the Government agreed to legislate. The free-standing offences of slavery, servitude and forced and compulsory labour were introduced under Section 71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009 which entered into force in England and Wales on 6 April 2010. See: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/71

• PO (Nigeria) v SSHD [2011] EWCA Civ 132. In this significant gang-related trafficking protection appeal the Court of Appeal overturned the Country Guidance findings of the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal in its 2009 decision of PO (Trafficked Women) Nigeria CG [2009] UKAIT 00046 that (1) the Nigerian Government’s NAPTIP shelters can provide adequate medical or other care and rehabilitation for returning victims of trafficking and (2) that the burden of proof of establishing that a victim was trafficked via the complicity/actions of a number of people and not an individual person/trafficker does not fall on the trafficked person. The Court of Appeal held that the Tribunal’s findings on those two issues were materially infected by error and they could not stand. Led by Dinah Rose QC, instructed by Wilson Solicitors LLP. See http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2011/132.html
  
• R v N [2012] EWCA Crim 189 (20 February 2012).  This is a landmark non-punishment related criminal appeal involving a Vietnamese minor who was put to work in a cannabis factory in the UK and was convicted of being involved in the production of cannabis. He was sentenced to a Detention and Training Order of 18 months’ duration. N’s appeal was brought on the basis that he was a victim of trafficking who had been compelled to undertake the work that he was convicted of and punished for. It was heard by the Court of Criminal Appeal in November 2011 before a bench presided over by the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales. It was the first time the Court had considered the problem of child trafficking for labour exploitation in the UK as this area had not previously been subject to any close analysis following the implementation in the UK of the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings in April 2009. N’s appeal against his sentence was successful and his DTO was reduced from 18 months to 4 months which is the lowest possible custodial sentence. N’s appeal against his conviction failed. This is currently under consideration as regards challenge. Parosha was led by Peter Carter QC. Instructed by Greg Stewart and Emma Gilsenam at GT Stewart Solicitors. See: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2012/189.html

Other Relevant Cases

• X v SSHD (AIT appeal in 2008. Unreported). In this case Parosha represented a highly traumatised young girl from Ghana who had been the victim of severe forced labour exploitation for a number of years in the UK. X’s asylum appeal was complicated by the fact that, simultaneously to her asylum case, she was due to give evidence against her traffickers, the Quainoos, in the first ever UK criminal prosecution to involve facts concerning the labour exploitation of a trafficked child. In successfully representing X’s interests which included protecting her against having to go through the trauma of evidence-giving in the asylum tribunal until she had first presented her evidence as a victim of crime in the Crown Court, Parosha worked carefully in conjunction with ECPAT (UK), the Crown Prosecution Service, the Paladin (child trafficking) team of the Metropolitan Police and the Refugee Council. X’s evidence at Isleworth Crown Court led to the conviction and sentence of her traffickers. Her asylum appeal was allowed. Instructed by the Immigration Advisory Service (IAS, London: Kalvir Kaur). See: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/accountant-and-teacher-kept-girl-14-as-a-slave-865802.html

• Country Guidance case of PO (Trafficked Women) Nigeria CG [2009] UKAIT 00046 See: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKIAT/2009/00046.html

• Court of Appeal permission ruling in PO (Nigeria) v SSHD [2007] EWCA Civ 1183. Here, Sedley LJ commented upon ‘the moral case’ which may be involved in assessing Article 8 ECHR protection claims brought by victims of trafficking. Instructed by Wilson & Co. See: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2007/1183.rtf

• MS v SSHD [2007] EWHC 2489 (Admin) Permission ruling and grant of bail by Dobbs J. Related to a 1 year false imprisonment claim by a victim of trafficking which led to an award of damages. Instructed by Fisher Meredith. See: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2007/2489.rtf

• R (on the application of Yusuf & others) v SSHD [2006] Civ 3513 (Admin). Substantive ruling dismissing all four applicant’s challenges to the imposition of the new 5 year leave to remain policy for refugees in the UK post-August 2005 as opposed to the previous policy to immediately grant refugees indefinite leave to remain (ILR). Ms Yusuf’s case was distinguished by the Court (she was a victim of trafficking with severe mental health concerns resulting from her experiences as a trafficking survivor): see paras 76 and 127 of the judgment. Davis J's findings were acted upon, a new application was made to the SSHD and Ms Yusuf was granted ILR. This was the first case in which it was successfully argued that an individual’s vulnerable mental health may be proper ground for the immediate grant of ILR (as opposed to five years’ leave to remain) following the implementation of the August 2005 policy change. Instructed by Birnberg Peirce (Rachael Despicht).See: http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2006/3513.rtf
  
• R (on the application of Q) v SSHD [2008] Unreported (Admin). In this case it was successfully argued in judicial review proceedings, which settled, that the EU Qualification Directive 2004, taken with the UK’s Qualification Regulations of 2006 (which entered into force in 2008) and Home Office policy on the grant of Humanitarian Protection included a special category of trauma cases where the appropriate grant of immediate leave was ILR rather than 5 years. This directly entitled a victim of trafficking who was a recognised refugee to achieve ILR before having to accrue 5 years leave on account of her trafficking- and torture-related trauma. Instructed by Birnberg Peirce (Rachael Despicht).

Note: for a more detailed commentary on the Yusuf and Q cases see the case summaries in the Human Trafficking Handbook, Chapter 14, pages 247-250, para 14.5,‘Permanent Residence for Victims of Trafficking and Torture: EU law as Interpreted in UK Policy’

Other Noteworthy Cases

Immigration Law:

• YS and YY (Paragraph 352D - British national sponsor former refugee) Ethiopia [2008] UKAIT 00093 http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKIAT/2008/00093.html.  The decision was appealed by the SSHD but the Tribunal’s findings in YS and YY were upheld and approved by the Supreme Court in ZN (Afghanistan) & Ors v Entry Clearance Officer (Karachi) [2010] UKSC 21 (12 May 2010), at para 38. See:

http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKSC/2010/21.html

Not all wins! See:

Human Rights Obligations: RK (Obligation to investigate) Democratic Republic of Congo [2004] UKIAT 00129 http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKIAT/2004/00129.html

Internal Relocation: Chaudhry, R (on the application of) v Special Adjudicator & Anor [2000] EWHC Admin 62 http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2000/62.html

• Death Penalty Privy Council Case [JP and others, 2008: Unreported]:

From 2006-2008 Parosha acted in an appeal to the Privy Council against the conviction and sentence of JP, a man convicted with others of murder in Trinidad, who was sentenced to the death penalty. Although JP’s appeal against his conviction was ultimately unsuccessful before the Privy Council his sentence to the death penalty was commuted to life imprisonment. Parosha was led by Peter Carter QC. Instructed by Addleshaw Goddard.

Recent Talks and Lectures

Parosha has extensive experience of giving talks and providing training on human rights and human trafficking. She has presented many talks at international and national conferences and seminars. She has recently spoken at the following noteworthy events:

• ILPA Good Practice in Working with Refugee Children, Co-trainer, Sept 2011.
• American Bar Association, Fall Conference, Dublin, Panel Speaker on Human Trafficking (HT), October 2011.
• CNN/LexisNexis launch of the documentary ‘Not My Life’ and the launch of the Human Trafficking Handbook, Mayfair, London, Panel Speaker on HT, October 2011.
• National Council of Women, Annual Dinner, Nottingham, Guest Speaker on HT, October 2011.
• International Bar Association, Annual Conference, Dubai, Panel Speaker on HT, November 2011 – See IBA Daily News, 3 Nov 2011, page 2 ‘How lawyers can crush human trafficking’: http://www.ibanet.org/Article/Detail.aspx?ArticleUid=3181B3F5-5F45-4039-8C57-16F826724AC3
• Atlantic Council, (US-based institution promoting transatlantic cooperation and international security), London, Guest Dinner Speaker on HT, December 2011.
• City of Westminster & Holborn Law Society, Annual Conference, ‘International Perspectives’, Speaker on Human Trafficking, Corruption and Modern-day Slavery, The Law Society of England and Wales, March 2012.
• City of Westminster & Holborn Law Society, Annual Dinner, Guest Dinner Speaker on HT, March 2012.